Mandukya Upanishad, Class 25
Karika # 16:
जीवं कल्पयते पूर्वं वचो भावान्पृथग्विधान् ।
बाह्यानाध्यात्मिकांश्चैव यथाविद्यस्तथास्मृतिः ॥ १६ ॥
16. First of all, is imagined the Jīva (the embodied being) and then are imagined
the various entities, objective
and subjective, that are
perceived. As is (one’s) knowledge so is (one’s) memory of it.
Continuing his teaching Swamiji
said, by taking the dream example, Gaudapada established that world of waking
is not much different from that of dream; both are Mithya; both derive their existence
from the Observer; so long as “I”, the observer, enjoy the dream world, it is
real; but it will last only as long as I am under the spell of the dream. Once
I wake up, I become an Observer in waking state; the dream world’s existence is
stripped off.
In Jagrat Prapancha, it also
appears real to me; but Gaudapada says it is also relative, as here too, its
existence depends on the Observer; thus, if I go to sleep or dream or go to
another world of reality, the Jagrat prapancha loses its reality.
Gaudapada concludes from all
this that any objective world (observed world) is only relative world; in its
own time, it is real, but in another plane, determined by the observer, it
loses its reality. As Pramata changes, Prameya also changes. So the question
comes up, if every Prameya (experience) is a relative reality; what is absolute
reality? Gaudapada says absolute reality has to be Aprameyam. What is that absolute reality which exists
but is not an object? The answer is “I” the Atma alone can be absolute reality.
The Atma lends reality to the relative world.
So, Gaudapada says, I the
Atma, project a relative reality and then lends reality to it. From my vasanas
I project as a dream and then lend existence to the dream. The tragedy is that
I forget that the dream depends upon me.
I am doing a noble service to
dream world by giving it existence; but it gives me samsara and frightens me
with experiences. So, I withdraw help to the dream world by waking up. So, I,
the Atma, with Maya Shakti have created Jagrat prapancha. This Jagrat prapancha
(Waker’s world) having borrowed reality from me, now threatens me; so to
deflate this world, the Jagrat prapancha, only way out is to wake up. Every
Guru’s goal is to wake up the student. Gaudapada says, I, the Atma, with Maya
Shakti have created the jagrat prapancha world. Similarly, with Nidra Shakti I
create the swapna prapancha.
Atma Agyanam is a longer
nidra.
Now Guadapada wants to give
us the order of creation. Creation is a cyclic process; so it has no beginning
or end; however for purpose of discussion we have to begin somewhere; it is
like a round table conference that is set up to get around the ego’s of VIP’s.
So, Gaudapada says to understand creation we should start with Jiva Srishti.
Atma, with help of Maya
Shakti projects Jiva. Jiva gets a body that depends on his/her karma of the
past; he also gets an appropriate environment to be born in; he also gets an
appropriate raga, dvesha and vasanas. I create all this, as the Lord of the
jiva. After that, Jiva runs on its own. The 16th Karika, the last
line, gives us how the Jiva runs its course (self sustaining cycle of world)
The Jiva looks around the
world; obtains knowledge; here experiences are registered; he will then
classify the world (a subjective judgment).
Citing an example for this,
Swamiji said, say two people come this class. They may feel it is a source of
joy or sorrow based upon Gyanam and memory that it was joyful or sorrowful. He
remembers things as joyful or sorrowful. He then wants to repeat the joyful
experience and he avoids any sorrowful experience. This is known as Pravrithi
(attachment) and Nivrithi (aversion). Thus the process is as follows:
Gyanam> memory>
Pravriti and or nivrthi ( Karmas).
This is called Yatna. Pravrithi Nivrithi
karmas produce papam and punyam through Adrishta Phalam, also called Agami
Karma. Some Agami karmas fructify in this life while others wait to fructify in
a future life.
Hence re-birth becomes
necessary to complete our Agami Karmas. This cycle goes on, birth after birth. It
is an eternal cyclic process, punarapi jananam and punarpi maranam.
How will God help me. He can
wake me up to the fact that “ I” am Satyam and Jagan is mithya, a defanged
cobra.
As long as I see objective
world, world is real; I am ensnared; but once I Know I am the truth, I wake up.
Thus:
Yatha Vidhya tatha smrithi;
Yatha smrithi Thatha Ichha; Yatha Ichha Tatha Karma; Yatha Karma tatha Phalam
Yatha phalam Tatha Punarjanmam. This is the cyclic process of Punarapi jananam
and punrapi maranam.
Karika # 17:
aniścitā
yathā rajjurandhakāre vikalpitā |
sarpadhārādibhirbhāvaistadvadātmā vikalpitaḥ || 17 ||
17. As
the rope, whose nature is not really known,, is imagined in the dark to be a
snake, a water-line, etc., so also is the Ātman imagined (in
various ways).
Gaudapada had pointed out
that Swapna Prapancha is only a relative reality; it has only a borrowed
reality from I the observer.
Now Gaudapada gives an
example; it is the famous Rope Snake example; it is famous in vedas. Gaudapada
was Shankaracharya’s acharya’s Guru.
This example is a very old
one cited in scriptures, well before Shankaracharya made it famous.
Kambaramayana also cites it, as an example.
The Rope Snake: A rope is not clearly seen when there is partial light or partial
darkness. It is partially recognized as something is lying down in front of me.
It is partial knowledge; that is the problem. In darkness, I don’t see
anything, thus ignorance is bliss. In total brightness, I can see the rope, so
here knowledge is bliss. Partial ignorance and partial knowledge are both
problems.
There is general knowledge
(samanya gyanam) that something is in front of me; Visesha Gyanam, that a rope
is laying in front of me is not there. This partial ignorance has two powers:
Avarna Shakti (Concealing power) and Vikshepa shakti (Projecting power).
Avarana Shakti covers the
rope partially; I don’t know it is rope. The covering of the ropeness of rope
is Avarna Shakti; then Vikshepa shakti comes up and it projects anything other
than a rope. Generally it projects anything we are afraid of. Citing an
example, if I have a stomach ache and I don’t know why, I imagine the worst
possible scenario such as say cancer.
This power of projection is called Vikshepa
Shakti. Due to this power we see an imaginary snake. Reality is that there is
no snake at all it is just a projection of my ignorance.
Now, this non-existent snake
can cause havoc in our lives. It will be classified as a relative reality, like
a projected dream.
Who lent this reality? I have
lent this reality. Why is called relative reality? Because, when I go near it,
it disappears in wake of knowledge. So, nor is it non-existent nor is it
existent. It is sufficiently real to frighten, but not sufficiently real, to
continue when I go near it. Gaudapada says world comes under this reality and
it can’t be driven away by rituals. The only solution is to go near and see;
then we realize there was no snake to even go away. The torchlight of shastram
is required to go near and see, says Gaudapada.
“In partial darkness, a rope
is partially known; it is projected as a snake or a streak of water or as a
crack on earth; it is mistaken.”
In same way there is only I,
the Turiyam who started the drama and is trapped by it’s own drama, through
Maya shakti, the cosmic ignorance. Turiyam is mistaken as Vishwa, Taijasa and
Pragya. “I” am none of them but Turiyam.
To recap the message of
Gaudapada:
Therefore
the snake is neither nonexistent nor existent. Three points are important to
note.
- The rope-snake is seemingly existent and in Vedanta it is
called mithya. This mithya snake will cause problems to the observer. This is
point one. - The second point that is very important is that the mithya
snake is understood as mithya snake only after knowing the rope and until the
person knows the rope, the mithya snake will never seem like the mithya snake.
For the ignorant observer, mithya snake is satya snake only. Therefore it will
cause all the problems that a satya snake causes. This is called suffering from
fear, or mini samsara caused by mithya snake, which is for the time being is a
satya snake. - When does the problem go away? The third point is that the
problem caused by mithya snake will go away only by one method, which is the
observer knowing the rope completely. Now he knows the rope partially. He
should know the rope completely, which is the knowledge that rope is rope. In
the wake of complete knowledge the problem caused by the so-called satya snake,
which appeared satya till now, is solved for good. So what is the solution? It
is the knowledge of the substratum.
Karika # 18
niścitāyāṃ
yathā rajjvāṃ vikalpo vinivartate |
rajjureveti cādvaitaṃ tadvadātmaviniścayaḥ || 18 ||
18. When
the real nature of the rope is ascertained all illusions about it disappear and
there arises the conviction that it is the one (unchanged) rope and nothing
else; even so is the nature of the conviction regarding Ātman.
The rope snake can be removed
by only one method; by removing cause of rope snake. Cause of rope snake is
ignorance. Ignorance has produced snake. This is obtained by gaining rope
knowledge.
What is it? Whatever is
lending reality to rope, that lender, is called Adhishtanam. We need to know
that Adhishtanam, the projector, supporter and experiencer. One has to know only one thing, the clear knowledge
of rope, that it is rope and rope alone. Once rope is known as rope, all false
projections recede. Rope knowledge drives away all Mithya or Avidya, all are
gone in one stroke. One rope alone remains.
Similarly,
for the dreamer, in dream, the dream world is satyam. For a waker, in waking,
the waking world is satyam. Both “satya” worlds are causing havoc for the
ignorant person. As long as the self-ignorance is present, both the waking and
the dream worlds will appear as satyam and both of them will cause samsara in
their respective states. What is the remedy? Self-knowledge is the remedy. This
knowledge is that I, the atma, should be understood as Turiya chaitanyam. When
I claim that I am Vishva, the waker, it is partial knowledge and it will cause problems.
When I claim I am Taijasa, the dreamer, it is partial knowledge and it will
create problems.
When
I claim that I am Prajna, the sleeper, it is partial knowledge and it will
create problems. When I
claim
that I am Turiyam; it is complete knowledge.
So, also, if you gain
knowledge of Turiyam with help of Shastras, Vishwa, Taijasa, Pragya all
relative realities go away and only the absolute truth alone remains.
With Best Wishes,
Ram Ramaswamy